2010-2011 academic year
Anatomy and Embryology (20398)
Qualification/course: bachelor's degree in Medicine
Year: first
Term: first
Number of ECTS credits: 7 credits
Student commitment: 175 hours
Teaching language or languages: Catalan and Spanish
Teaching staff: José Antonio Pereira
1. Introduction to the subject
The subject Human Anatomy I is a compulsory first year subject in the Biology and Medicine degrees, which consists of 7 ECTS credits. The head lecturer for the subject is José Antonio Pereira Rodríguez. Those involved in teaching are: Jaime Jimeno Fraile, José Luis Macaya Pascual, Alex Merí Vived, Antonio Molina Ros and Eulogio Pleguezuelos Cobo. Fernando Giráldez Orgaz and Cristina Pujades are responsible for the Embryology section.
2. Competences to be acquired
This programme aims for students to acquire and/or work on the following competences:
1) General or cross-disciplinary competences
a) Instrumental
1. Capacity for analysis and synthesis
2. Oral and written communication in the native language
3. Knowledge of a foreign language
4. Knowledge of computing related to the field of study
5. Information management capability
6. Problem-solving
b) Personal
1. Teamwork
2. Skills in interpersonal relationships
3. Critical reasoning
4. Ethical commitment
c) Systemic
1. Autonomous learning
2. Adaptation to new situations
3. Quality-based motivation
4. Sensitivity to environmental issues
2) Specific competences
The specific competences within the subject to be developed are as follows:
1. Assimilation of language enabling orientation and location of the various part of the human body.
2. Awareness and correct use of anatomical nomenclature.
3. Recognition of the functional mechanisms used by the locomotor system.
4. Awareness of the foundations of general embryology and the processes in the formation of the locomotor system.
This is not the only specific competence in which learning human anatomy and embryology may be useful. To a lesser extent, it may be a factor in:
-Professional values, attitudes, conduct and ethics
-Clinical skills
-Communication skills
Learning objectives
The subject programme presented here aims to achieve three general learning objectives, so that students use their basic knowledge of anatomy and embryology in their professional life, for learning other subjects in their studies and for the transfer of knowledge. These objectives are:
-Nomenclature: knowledge and the correct use of anatomical terminology is essential in the biomedical sciences field. It is essential in order to be able to make progress in understanding other related disciplines, for communication between professionals and for learning in the long term.
-Identification: recognition of the structures of the human body, in imaging examinations, and clinical examinations and medical, surgical and experimental procedures, is necessary for working in the biomedical professions.
-Description: use and understanding of descriptions to pass on information is essential during one's professional life and is therefore one of the basic learning objectives of human anatomy.
Achievement of these learning objectives will facilitate the development of essential skills for all competent health sciences professionals:
• Communication: it is necessary to understand and pass on information effectively in order to be able to undertake any healthcare and scientific work.
• Location: it is essential to be able to easily identify human organs both in vivo and in images and to apply this knowledge to work as a professional. To do so, it is essential to study anatomy in two dimensions (imaging techniques) and in three dimensions (dissection).
• Deduction: it will be necessary to use the anatomical knowledge to solve problems related to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, scientific and research problems.
• Professionalism: ethics, empathy and humanism.
At the end of the human anatomy and embryology course, students will be able to:
1. Define and distinguish the various organs that from part of the mechanisms and systems of the human body and its most common anatomical varietions.
2. Describe the morphology, location and anatomical relations of the human organs using biomedical terminology.
3. Relate the morphology of organs to their function and structure.
4. Identify the main components of the apparatus and systems in conventional two-dimensional media and in the living anatomical subject and corpse.
5. Interpret the biomedical terminology commonly used in books, scientific studies and lectures.
6. Apply biomedical terminology to communicate with other professional colleagues.
7. Use their knowledge of anatomy to deduce and understand the physiopathology of diseases, the basis for medical examinations and the consequences of medical, surgical, physical, biological and genetic treatments.
8. Deduce the morphological consequences and physiopathology of congenital defects in the human organism.
9. Identify health problems related with the development of the embryo.
10. Use their knowledge of anatomy and embryology to find solutions to clinical, scientific or research problems.
11. Have the basic manual skills in dissection that are useful for developing the skills necessary examination and treatment of diseases.
12. Assume a respectful attitude towards colleagues and patients which will be useful to them in their professional life.
3. Contents
Theory programme
PART 1. GENERAL ANATOMY
Lesson 1. Introduction to human anatomy
Concept and importance of anatomy. Methods and study sources. Parts of the anatomy. Development of the subject programme.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation.
Class notes.
Hours: 1 hour face-to-face.
PART 2. GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
Lesson 2. Genes, molecules and embryos
From embryology to molecular and development biology. The basic development processes: growth, regional specification and morphogenesis. Cell specification and differentiation. The phases of development of the human embryo.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 hour face-to-face and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 3. Fertilisation
Fertilisation: molecular basis of gemetic recognition and ovum activation. Fusion of genetic material. Intracellular signalling of the beginning of zygotic responses.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Animations. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 hour face-to-face and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 4. From the zygote to the gastrula
Holoblastic and rotational cleavage in mammals. The blastula. Compaction and formation of internal call mass in mammals. Implantation. Gastrulation. Formation of the trilaminar embryo. Gastrulation mechanisms. Generation of the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axis: the phylotypic stage.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Animations. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 hour face-to-face and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 5. The formation of the organs
Structure and development of somites. The somite generation clock. Notochord and paraxial mesoderm. Differentiation and regionalisation of the somites: dermomyotome and sclerotome. The skeletal muscle system. Myogenesis and the MyoD family. Osteogenesis.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Animations. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 hour face-to-face and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
PART 3. ANATOMY OF THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
3.1. GENERAL POINTS OF EMBRYOLOGY
Lesson 6. Embryology of the locomotor system. Development of the skeletal system
Precursor tissues in the locomotor system. Development of bone and cartilage. Development of joints. Development of the skeletal muscle. Development of the extremities. Development of the trunk. Development of the head. Congenital defects affecting the locomotor system.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Animations. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 hour face-to-face and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 7. General points of the locomotor system
Importance and characteristics of the locomotor system. Bones: general points and classification. Joints: general points, classification and auxilary organs. Muscles: general points, classification and auxilary organs. General points of the vascular and peripheral nervous system. Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Animations of joint movement. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 hour face-to-face and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 8. General points of the vascular and peripherals nervous systems
Importance and general characteristics. Components of the peripheral nervous system. Spinal and cranial nerves. Nervous plexus. Systemic circulation. Characteristics of the supply circulation. Venous drainage. Lymphatic system.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 hour face-to-face and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
3.2. FUNCTIONAL AND APPLIED ANATOMY OF THE UPPER LIMB
Lesson 9. Articular biomechanics of the shoulder girdle and shoulder
Sternoclavicular joint. Acromioclavicular joint. Scapulohumeral joint. Movements in the shoulder joints as a whole.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Video clips. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 hour face-to-face and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 10. Biomechanics of the elbow joint
Humeroradial joint. Humeroulnar joint. Proximal radioulnar joint. Distal radioulnar joint. Movements of the elbow.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Video clips. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 hour face-to-face and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 11. Joint biomechanics of the wrist, hand and fingers
Radioulnar carpal joint. Carpal bone joints. Carpometacarpal joints. Trapeziometacarpal joints. Metacarpophalangeal joints. Interphalangeal joints.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Video clips. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 hour face-to-face and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 12. Functional anatomy of the shoulder girdle
Muscle acting on the shoulder girdle. Integration of the movements of the shoulder girdle.
Type of lesson: theory
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Video clips. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 virtual hour and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 13. Functional anatomy of the elbow
Muscles of the arm. Muscles of the forearm acting on the elbow.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Video clips. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 virtual hour and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 14. Functional anatomy of the forearm
Muscles of the forearm acting on the wrist and finger joints.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Video clips. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 virtual hour and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 15. Functional anatomy of the hands and fingers
Hand muscles. Grip and pinch movements.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Video clips. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 virtual hour and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 16. Vascularisation of the upper extremity
Axillary artery. Brachial artery. Radial and ulnar arteries. Palmar arches. Veins in the upper extremity. Lymphatic vessels in the upper extremity.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 2 face-to-face hours and 4 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 17. Nerves of the upper extremity
Brachial plexus. Motor and sensory regions in the upper extremity. Path of the nerves in the upper extremity.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 2 face-to-face hours and 4 hours of supervised activities and study.
3.3. FUNCTIONAL AND APPLIED ANATOMY OF THE LOWER LIMB
Lesson 18. Articular biomechanics of the pelvic girdle
Sacroiliac joints. Pubic symphysis. Hip joint.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Video clips. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 hour face-to-face and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 19. Biomechanics of the knee joint
Femoropatellar joint. Femoromeniscal joint. Meniscotibial joint. Proximal tibiofibular joint.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Video clips. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 hour face-to-face and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 20. Articular biomechanics of the ankle and foot
Distal tibiofibular joint. Tibiofibular astragal joint. Tarsal joints. Tarsometatarsal joints. Metatarsophalangeal joints. Interphalangeal joints.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Video clips. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 hour face-to-face and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 21. Functional anatomy of the hip
Muscle acting on the coxofemoral joint.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Video clips. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 virtual hour and 4 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 22. Functional anatomy of the thigh
Muscles involved in the knee joint. Quadriceps. Sartorius muscle. Femoral biceps. Semimembranosus muscle. Semitendinosus muscle. Popliteus muscle.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Video clips. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 virtual hour and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 23. Functional anatomy of the leg
Anterior muscles. Peroneus muscles. Posterior muscles.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Video clips. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 virtual hour and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 24. Functional anatomy of the foot
Extensor pollicis brevis muscle of the toes. Muscles of the sole of the foot. Functional anatomy of the bipedal position, walking and running.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Video clips. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 virtual hour and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 25. Vascularisation of the lower extremity
Femoral artery. Popliteal artery. Anterior tibial artery. Posterior tibial artery. Plantar arteries. Dorsal artery of the foot. Veins in the lower extremity. Lymphatic drainage.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 hour face-to-face and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 26. Nerves of the lower extremity
Lumbosacral plexus. Motor and sensory regions in the lower extremity. Path of the nerves in the lower extremity.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 hour face-to-face and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
FUNCTIONAL AND APPLIED ANATOMY OF THE TRUNK
Lesson 27. Biomechanics of the thoracic and lumbar spinal column
Intervertebral joints. Costovertebral joints. Sternocostal joints.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 hour face-to-face and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 28. Functional anatomy of respiration
Diaphragm. Intercostal muscles. Accessory muscles.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 virtual hour and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 29. Functional anatomy of the thoracic and lumbar spinal column
Vertebral canal musculature.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 virtual hour and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 30. Functional anatomy of the abdominal walls
Classification of the abdomen muscles. Rectus muscles. External oblique muscle. Internal oblique muscle. Transverse abdominal muscle.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 virtual hour and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 31. Inguinal canal
Importance. Inguinal canal walls. Contents.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 virtual hour and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
3.4. FUNCTIONAL AND APPLIED ANATOMY OF THE HEAD AND NECK
Lesson 32. Joints of the cranial bones
General points of the cranium. Synarthrosis. Anthropometric points. Temporomandibular joint.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 hour face-to-face and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 33. Biomechanics of the cervical column
Occipitoatlantoaxial joint. Lower cervical spinal column joints.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 hour face-to-face and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 34. Head muscles
General points. Mastication muscles.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 virtual hour and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 35. Head muscles
Mimetic muscles.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 virtual hour and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 36. Functional anatomy of the neck
Neck muscles. Nape muscles.
Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 virtual hour and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
Lesson 37. Vascularisation and innervation of the head and neck
Common carotid artery. External carotid artery. Internal carotid artery. External jugular vein. Anterior jugular veins. Internal jugular vein. Lymphatic vessels in the head and neck. Cervical plexus. Type of lesson: theory.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Class notes. Online activities.
Hours: 1 hour face-to-face and 2 hours of supervised activities and study.
PROGRAMME OF SEMINARS AND ACTIVITIES
Seminar 1. Anatomical Nomenclature
Foundations of anatomical nomenclature. Anatomical position. Axes and planes. Common anatomical terminology.
Type of lesson: seminar.
Materials and activities: practical assumptions. Reading: a scientific article and a textbook chapter. Assessment test.
Hours: 1 hour of face-to-face seminar and 2 hours of supervised activities, study and assessment.
Seminar 2. Embryology Nomenclature
Common embryological terminology. Embryological terms of the locomotor system.
Type of lesson: virtual seminar.
Materials and activities: scientific article. Textbook chapter. Assessment test.
Hours: 1 hour of supervised work and 2 hours of study and assessment.
Seminar 3. Surface Anatomy. Anatomical Regions
Type of lesson: seminar.
Materials and activities: consideration and solving of problems. Assessment test.
Hours: 1 hour of seminar, 1 hour of supervised activity directed and 2 hours study.
Seminar 4. Principles of Radiology
Type of lesson: seminar.
Materials and activities: class notes. Study of radiological images.
Hours: 1 hour of seminar.
Seminar 5. Dissection Room
Type of lesson: seminar.
Materials and activities: presentation by classmates on other courses. Anxiety questionnaire. Visit to the Dissection Room. Group discussion.
Hours: 1 hour of seminar.
Seminar 6. Muscle of the Upper Extremity
System for study of the muscles. Characteristics of the muscle groups in the upper extremity.
Type of lesson: seminar.
Materials and activities: objectives and class notes PowerPoint presentation. Assessment test.
Hours: 1 hour of seminar and 3 hours of study and assessment.
Seminar 7. Clinical Anatomy of the Upper Extremity
Anatomical basis for examination of the upper extremity. Identification of anatomical reliefs. Examination of articular mobility. Reference points for surgery and punctures.
Type of lesson: seminar/practical.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Objectives and class notes. Identification using anatomical models. Self-examination. Practical assumptions. Preparation of group report.
Hours: 1 hour of seminar, 2 hours of supervised activities and 4 hours of study.
Seminar 8. Muscle of the Lower Extremity
System for study of the muscles. Characteristics of the muscle groups of the lower extremity.
Type of lesson: seminar.
Materials and activities: objectives and class notes PowerPoint presentation. Assessment test.
Hours: 1 hour of seminar and 3 hours of study and assessment.
Seminar 9. Clinical Anatomy of the Lower Extremity
Anatomical basis for examination of the lower extremity. Identification of anatomical reliefs. Examination of articular mobility. Reference points for surgery and punctures.
Type of lesson: theory/practical.
Materials and activities: PowerPoint presentation. Objectives and class notes. Identification using anatomical models. Self-examination. Practical assumptions. Preparation of group report.
Hours: 1 hour of seminar, 2 hours of supervised activities and 4 hours of study.
Seminar 10. Trunk Muscles
System for study of the muscles. Characteristics of the muscle groups of the trunk. Inguinal canal.
Type of lesson: practical session.
Materials and activities: objectives and class notes. PowerPoint presentation. Assessment test.
Hours: 1 hour of seminar and 3 hours of study and assessment.
Seminar 11. Clinical Anatomy of the Trunk
Anatomical basis for examination of the trunk. Identification of anatomical reliefs. Examination of articular mobility. Reference points for surgery and punctures.
Type of lesson: theory/practical.
Materials and activities: objectives and class notes. Identification using anatomical models. Self-examination. Practical assumptions. Preparation of group report.
Hours: 1 hour of seminar, 2 hours of supervised activities and 4 hours of study.
Seminar 12. Head Muscles
System for study of the muscles. Characteristics of the head muscle groups.
Type of lesson: seminar.
Materials and activities: objectives and class notes. PowerPoint presentation.
Hours: 1 hour of seminar and 3 hours of study.
Seminar 13. Clinical Anatomy of the Head and Neck
Anatomical basis for examination of the head. Surface anatomy and palpation. Identification of key points. Anatomical basis for examination of the neck. Surface anatomy and palpation. Identification of key points. The carotid pulse. Reference points for punctures.
Type of lesson: theory/practical.
Materials and activities: objectives and class notes Identification using anatomical models. Self-examination. Practical assumptions.
Hours: 1 hour of supervised work and 2 hours of study.
PROGRAMME OF PRACTICAL SESSIONS
Practical session 1. General embryology
Type of lesson: practical session.
Materials and activities: preparations for optical microscopy.
Hours: 2 hours of supervised activities and 2 hours of individual study.
Practical session 2. Osteology of the shoulder girdle
Clavicle and scapula.
Type of lesson: practical session.
Materials and activities: class notes. Objectives of the practical session. Study of bones and skeletons. Continuous assessment.
Hours: 1 hour of supervised work and 1 hour of study.
Practical Session 3. Osteology of the arm
Humerus.
Type of lesson: practical session.
Materials and activities: class notes. Objectives of the practical session. Study of bones and skeletons. Continuous assessment.
Hours: 1 hour of supervised work and 1 hour of study.
Practical session 4. Osteology of the forearm and hand
Ulna and radius.
Type of lesson: practical session.
Materials and activities: class notes. Objectives of the practical session. Study of bones and skeletons. Continuous assessment.
Hours: 1 hour of supervised work and 1 hour of study.
Practical session 5. Radiological anatomy of the upper extremity
Simple radiology. Correlation of anatomical incisions with CAT and NMR.
Type of lesson: practical session.
Materials and activities: class notes. Simple radiology. CAT and NMR. Radiological reports. Computer-aided learning. Continuous assessment.
Hours: 1 hour of seminar, 1 hour of supervised activities and 1 hour of study.
Practical session 6. Topographical anatomy of the shoulder and arm
Axillary region. Deltoid region. Scapular region. Scapulohumeral joint. Anterior and posterior regions of the arm. Elbow articualtion.
Type of lesson: practical session.
Materials and activities: class notes. Preparations for dissection. Structure recognition exercises. Dissection of the shoulder regions. Continuous assessment. Hours: 2 hours of dissection and 2 hours of study.
Practical session 7. Topographical anatomy of the forearm and hand
Anterior and posterior regions of the forearm. Cubital fossa. Pulse channel. Anatomical snuff box. Carpal osteofibrous tunnels. Thenar region. The hypothenar region. Midpalmar region. Carpal tunnel. Dorsum of hand.
Type of lesson: practical session.
Materials and activities: class notes. Preparations for dissection. Structure recognition exercises. Dissection of the forearm regions. Continuous assessment. Hours: 2 hours of dissection and 2 hours of study.
Practical session 8. Osteology of the pelvic girdle and thigh
Hip. Sacrum. The pelvis as a whole. Femur. Kneecap.
Type of lesson: practical session.
Materials and activities: class notes. Objectives of the practical session. Study of bones and skeletons. Continuous assessment.
Hours: 2 hours of supervised activities and 2 hours of study.
Practical session 9. Osteology of the leg and foot
Tibia, fibula.
Type of lesson: practical session.
Materials and activities: class notes. Objectives of the practical session. Study of bones and skeletons. Continuous assessment.
Hours: 1 hour of supervised work and 1 hour of study.
Practical session 10. Radiological anatomy of the lower extremity
Simple radiology. Correlation of anatomical incisions with CAT and NMR.
Type of lesson: practical session.
Materials and activities: class notes. Simple radiology. CAT and NMR. Radiological reports. Computer-aided learning. Continuous assessment.
Hours: 1 hour of seminar, 1 hour of supervised activities and 1 hour of study.
Practical session 11. Topographical anatomy of the hip, thigh and knee
Gluteal region. The crural region. Coxofemoral joint. Femoral triangle. Quadricipital region. Obturator region. Posterior region of the thigh. Popliteal fossa. Knee joint.
Type of lesson: practical session.
Materials and activities: class notes. Preparations for dissection. Structure recognition exercises. Dissection of the hip regions. Continuous assessment. Hours: 2 hours of dissection and 2 hours of study.
Practical session 12. Topographical anatomy of the leg and foot
Anterior tibial region. The peroneal region. Surface and profound posterior regions. Ankle joint. Flexor and extensor retinacula. Dorsum of foot. The plantar regions.
Type of lesson: practical session.
Materials and activities: class notes. Preparations for dissection. Structure recognition exercises. Dissection of the leg regions. Continuous assessment. Hours: 2 hours of dissection and 2 hours of study.
Practical session 13. Osteology of the trunk
Typical vertebrae. Regional differences. Ribs. Sternum. Cervical vertebrae. Atlas and axis. Regional characteristics.
Type of lesson: practical session.
Materials and activities: class notes. Objectives of the practical session. Study of bones and skeletons. Continuous assessment.
Hours: 2 hours of supervised activities and 2 hours of study.
Practical session 14. Radiological anatomy of the trunk
Simple radiology. Correlation of anatomical incisions with CAT and NMR.
Type of lesson: practical session.
Materials and activities: class notes. Simple radiology. CAT and NMR. Radiological reports. Computer-aided learning. Continuous assessment.
Hours: 1 hour of seminar, 1 hour of supervised activities and 1 hour of study.
Practical session 15. Topographical anatomy of the thoracic and abdominal walls. The Inguinocrural region
Diaphragm. Pectoral muscles. Intercostal muscles. Anterior and posterior thoracic wall. The abdominal layers. Aponeurosis. Recto-uterine pouch. Inguinal canal. The crural region. Weak areas of the abdominal wall.
Type of lesson: practical session.
Materials and activities: class notes. Preparations for dissection. Structure recognition exercises. Dissection of the foot regions. Continuous assessment.
Hours: 2 hours of dissection and 2 hours of study.
Practical session 16. Osteology of the cranium (I)
Frontal, parietal, occipital.
Type of lesson: practical session.
Materials and activities: class notes. Objectives of the practical session. Study of bones and skeletons. Continuous assessment.
Hours: 2 hours of supervised activities and 2 hours of study.
Practical session 17. Osteology of the cranium (II)
The sphenoids. The ethmoids. Temporal.
Type of lesson: practical session.
Materials and activities: class notes. Objectives of the practical session. Study of bones and skeletons. Continuous assessment.
Hours: 2 hours of supervised activities and 2 hours of study.
Practical session 18. Base of the cranium
Anterior cranial fossa. Middle cranial fossa. Posterior cranial fossa.
Type of lesson: practical session.
Materials and activities: class notes. Objectives of the practical session. Study of bones and skeletons. Continuous assessment.
Hours: 1 hour of supervised work and 1 hour of study.
Practical session 19. Osteology of the face. Facial cavities
Upperjaw. Palatine. Nasal. Lacrimal. Zygomatic.Inferior nasal concha. Jaw. Orbital fossa. Nasal cavities. Temporal fossa. Zygomatic fossa. Pterygopalatine fossa. Hard palate.
Type of lesson: practical session.
Materials and activities: class notes. Objectives of the practical session. Study of bones and skeletons. Continuous assessment.
Hours: 3 hours of supervised activities and 3 hours of study.
Practical session 20. Radiological anatomy of the head and neck
Simple radiology. Correlation of anatomical incisions with CAT and NMR.
Type of lesson: practical session.
Materials and activities: class notes. Simple radiology. CAT and NMR. Radiological reports. Computer-aided learning. Continuous assessment.
Hours: 1 hour of seminar, 1 hour of supervised activities and 1 hour of study.
Practical session 21. Topographical anatomy of the head and neck
Muscles of mastication. Mimetic muscles. Contents of head cavities. Anterior regions of the neck. Nape muscles.
Type of lesson: practical session.
Materials and activities: class notes. Preparations for dissection. Structure recognition exercises. Dissection of the head. Continuous assessment.
Hours: 2 hours of dissection and 2 hours of study.
4. Assessment
FIRST SITTING (first term)
1. Continuous assessment
• Continuous assessment of practical sessions: Continuous assessment activities in practical classes account for 10% of the final mark. This mark is obtained from the average of the individual and group marks obtained in the osteology and topographical anatomy practical sessions.
• Virtual assessment activities: the mark obtained in the virtual lessons on muscles and the virtual seminars (nomenclature, embryology and clinical anatomy) will have an impact of 30% on the final mark. To gain access to this mark, students must meet the following requirements:
1. Meet the assessment requirements of the virtual lessons.
• Sit all the examinations.
• Obtain a minimum grade of 4 points in all the assessments.
2. Obtain a final mark (including bonuses) in the four MPT assessments of 5 or more.
2. Final assessment
2.1. Students receiving assessment in the virtual activities
• Practical examination: taken individually in the classrooms in the faculty. Ten anatomical and/or radiological models, pieces or images will be shown and must be identified by the students. Two of the questions will be considered basic and are for the purposes of elimination, and must therefore be answered correctly if the total mark for the examination is to be taken into account. This assessment accounts for 20% of the final mark.
• Multiple choice questions: included in the general termly test for all the subjects. The number of questions will be proportional to the credits taught. It accounts for 20% of the final mark.
• Essay examination: it consists of a minimum of ten and a maximum of twenty questions worth 1, 0.5 or 0 points. Its impact on the final mark is 20%.
2.2. Students not receiving assessment in the virtual activities
• Practical examination: taken individually in the classrooms in the faculty. Ten anatomical and/or radiological models, pieces or images will be shown and must be identified by the students. Two of the questions will be considered basic and are for the purposes of elimination, and must therefore be answered correctly if the total mark for the examination is to be taken into account. This assessment accounts for 20% of the final mark%.
• Multiple choice questions: included in the general termly test for all the subjects. The number of questions will be proportional to the credits taught. It accounts for 35% of the final mark.
• Essay examination: consists of a minimum of ten and a maximum of twenty questions worth 1, 0.5 or 0 points. Its impact on the final mark is 35%.
SECOND SITTING (September)
The marks obtained in the first sitting are not valid for the second sitting. It consists of the following tests:
• Practical examination: taken individually in the classrooms in the faculty. Ten anatomical and/or radiological models, pieces or images will be shown and must be identified by the students. Two of the questions will be considered basic and are for the purposes of elimination, and must therefore be answered correctly if the total mark for the examination is to be taken into account. This assessment accounts for 30% of the final mark%.
• MCT Examination: consists of twenty questions with the same conditions as in the general MPT in each term. Its impact on the final mark is 35%.
• Essay examination: consists of a minimum of ten and a maximum of twenty short questions worth 1, 0.5 or 0 points. Its impact on the final mark is 35%.
5. Bibliography and teaching resources
5.1. Basic bibliography
HUMAN ANATOMY TEXTS
1. Drake RL, Mitchel AWM, Vogl W. Gray. Anatomía para estudiantes. Barcelona: Elsevier, 2005.
2. Latarjet M, Ruiz-Liard A, Pró E. Anatomía humana. Volumes I and II. Madrid: Editorial Panamericana, 2004.
3. Moore KL, Dalley AF. Anatomía con orientación clínica. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana, 2007.
4. Rouvière H, Delmas A, Delmas V. Anatomía humana: descriptiva, topográfica y funcional. Volumes I, II, III and IV. Madrid: Elsevier, 2006.
5. Williams PL, Warwick R. Gray anatomía. Madrid: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 1998.
HUMAN ANATOMY ATLASES
1. Gilroy AM, MacPherson BR, Ross LM. Prometheus. Atlas de anatomía. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana, 2008.
2. Llusá M, Merí A, Ruano-Gil D. Manual y atlas fotográfico de anatomía del aparato locomotor. Madrid: Editorial Panamericana, 2003.
3. Mc Minn RM, Hutchings RT, Logna BM. Atlas en color de anatomía humana. Barcelona: ESPAXS, 1996.
4. Putz R, Pabst R. Sobotta atlas de anatomía humana. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana, 2006. [Published by R. Putz and R. Pabst].
5. Schünke M, Schulte E, Schumacher U, Voll M, Wesker K Prometheus. Texto y atlas de anatomía humana. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana, 2005.
RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY TEXTS
1. Bo WJ, Wolfman NT, Krueger WA, Carr JJ, Bowden RL, Meschan, I. Atlas de anatomía seccional e imágenes radiológicas. Madrid: Elsevier, 2004.
2. Fleckenstein P, Tranum-Jensen J. Bases anatómicas del diagnóstico por imagen. 2nd ed. Madrid: Elsevier, 2001.
3. Möller - Reif. Atlas de bolsillo de cortes anatómicos. Tomografía computarizada y resonancia magnética. 3rd ed. In 3 volumes. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana, 2007.
4. Weir J, Abrahams PH. Atlas de anatomía humana por técnicas de imagen. 3rd ed. Madrid: Elsevier, 2004.
HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY TEXTS
1. Larsen WJ. Embriología humana. Madrid: Elsevier Science. Churchill Livingstone, 2002.
2. Moore KL, Persaud TV. Embriología clínica. Barcelona: Elsevier, 2006.
3. Sadler, JW. Langmann. Embriología médica. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana, 2006.
FROM A TO Z
1. Agur A, Dalley AF Grant. Atlas de anatomía. Madrid: Editorial Panamericana, 2007.
2. Bo WJ, Wolfman NT, Krueger WA, Carr JJ, Bowden RL, Meschan I. Atlas de anatomía seccional e imágenes radiológicas. Madrid: Elsevier, 2004.
3. Bouchet A, Cuilleret J. Anatomía descriptiva, topográfica y funcional. Madrid: Editorial Panamericana, 1979.
4. Cahill D, Orland M, Miller G. Atlas of Human Cross-Sectional Anatomy: with CT and MR Images. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1995.
5. Carlson BM. Embriología humana y biología del desarrollo. Barcelona: Elsevier, 2006.
6. Drake RL, Mitchel AWM, Vogl W Gray. Anatomía para estudiantes. Barcelona: Elsevier, 2005.
7. Federal Commitee on Anatomical Terminology. Terminología de anatomía. Madrid: Editorial Panamericana, 2001.
8. Feneis H, Dauber W. Nomenclatura anatómica ilustrada. Barcelona: Elsevier-Masson, 2006.
9. Fleckenstein P, Tranum-Jensen J. 2nd ed. Bases anatómicas del diagnóstico por imagen. Madrid: Elsevier, 2001.
10. Gilroy AM, MacPherson BR, Ross LM. Prometheus. Atlas de anatomía. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana, 2008.
11. Hansen JT, Lambert DR, Netter F. Anatomía clínica. Barcelona: Elsevier-Masson, 2006.
12. Kahle W, Leonhardt H, Platzer W. Atlas de anatomía con orientación clínica. Barcelona: Pub. Panamericana, 2007.
13. Kapandji IA. Cuadernos de fisiología articular. Volumes I, II and III. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana, 1998.
14. Larsen WJ. Embriología humana. Madrid: Elsevier Science. Churchill Livingstone, 2002.
15. Latarjet M, Ruiz-Liard A, Pró E. Anatomía humana. Volumes I and II. Madrid: Editorial Panamericana, 2004.
16. Latarjet A, Testut L. Compendio de anatomía descriptiva. Barcelona: Elsevier-Masson, 2004.
17. Llusá M, Merí A, Ruano-Gil D. Manual y atlas fotográfico de anatomía del aparato locomotor. Madrid: Editorial Panamericana, 2003.
18. Mc Minn RM, Hutchings RT, Logna BM. Atlas en color de anatomía humana. Barcelona: ESPAXS, 1996.
19. Möller - Reif. Atlas de bolsillo de cortes anatómicos. Tomografía computarizada y resonancia magnética. 3rd ed. In 3 volumes. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana, 2007.
20. Moore KL, Persaud TV. Embriología clínica. Barcelona: Elsevier, 2006.
21. Moore KL, Dalley AF. Anatomía con orientación clínica. Madrid. Editorial Médica Panamericana, 2007.
22. Moore KL, Agur A. Fundamentos de anatomía con orientación clínica. Madrid: Editorial Panamericana, 2003.
23. O'Rahilly R, Müller F. Human embryology and Teratology. New York: John Willey and sons, 2001.
24. Putz R, Pabst R. Atlas de anatomía humana Sobotta. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana, 2006. [Published by R. Putz and R. Pabst].
25. Rohen J, Yokochi CH. Atlas fotográfico de anatomía humana. Madrid: Elsevier, 2007.
26. Rouvière H. Compendio de anatomía y disección. Barcelona: Elsevier-Masson, 2001.
27. Rouvière H, Delmas A, Delmas V. Anatomía humana: descriptiva, topográfica y funcional. Volumes I, II, III and IV. Madrid: Elsevier, 2006.
28. Sadler, JW Langmann. Embriología médica. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana, 2006.
29. Schünke M, Schulte E, Schumacher U, Voll M, Wesker K Prometheus. Texto y atlas de anatomía humana. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana, 2005.
30. Snell R. Anatomía clínica para estudiantes de medicina. Madrid: McGraw Hill. Interamericana, 2001.
31. Testut L, Jacob O, Billet H. Atlas de disección por regiones. Barcelona: Salvat Ed. 1973.
32. Testut L, Latarjet A. Anatomía humana. Barcelona: Editorial Salvat, 1978.
33. Testut L, Jacob O. Anatomía topográfica. Barcelona: Salvat Ed., 1986.
34. Thiel W. Atlas fotográfico de anatomía práctica. Barcelona: Elsevier-Masson, 2000.
35. Weir J, Abraham PH. Atlas de anatomía humana por técnicas de imagen. Madrid: Elsevier, 2004.
36. Williams PL, Warwick R. Gray anatomía. Madrid: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 1998.
37. Weir J, Abrahams, PH. Atlas de anatomía humana por técnicas de imagen. 3rd ed. Madrid: Elsevier, 2004.
6. Methodology
FACE-TO-FACE THEORY LESSONS
These take place in the classic lecture format with the help of graphic material. Advance preparation for the lesson using the materials available in the Virtual Classroom and the recommended bibliography is advisable.
VIRTUAL THEORY LESSONS
Following the order established by the subject program, at the beginning of each of the muscle sections (fifteen lessons in total), the lectures will be replaced by individual work with textual and graphic material and activities accessible through the Campus Global.
This material will be complemented by:
-An initial one-hour seminar coinciding with the theoretical timeframe of the lessons, which will contain the foundations for the study of each section, during which doubts can be raised.
-Complementary activities for each section (only available in the Campus Global).
-Virtual forum for doubts and enquiries in which all students are free to participate.
-Direct contact with the lecturer by e-mail or in person.
-Self-assessment test.
Finally, at the end of each section, knowledge will be assessed by means of 3 ten-question multiple choice tests (upper limb, lower limb and trunk) with the same correction conditions as those of the general MPT in each term. The section on the head and neck muscles will be included in the final assessment.
This type of continuing assessment is voluntary for all students.
The following minimum requirements must be fulfilled to gain access to the overall calculation of this type of assessment:
-Sit all the examinations.
-Obtain a mark higher than 4 in all the examinations.
This assessment model is only available for the first sitting of a subject, and the mark obtained in the second sitting is not valid.
PRACTICAL LESSONS
The practical sessions in the subject are compulsory, and as such there will be an attendance check which will be taken into account in the final assessment of the practical sessions.
Only those doing osteology and radiology practical sessions will be allowed to change group. Two types of help documents for the practical sessions have been designed:
1. Objectives of the practical sessions: detailed instructions for taking the maximum advantage from the class. This document includes a description of each practical session, the materials necessary to carry it out and the learning objectives in each one.
2. Contents of practical classes. To make the best use of practical sessions, it is advisable to read the contents beforehand, which are available on the subject's website.
It is essential to bring the following to practical sessions:
-White laboratory coat (for practical session in the Dissection Room)
-Printed copy of the practical script and the objectives document
-An Atlas of human anatomy
1. Osteology practical sessions: they take place in the Faculty's practical classrooms, where anatomical reproductions of the most important details of each bone in the human body are studied directly.
2. Radiological anatomy practical sessions: take place in the Faculty's computer rooms. Students must identify the most important anatomical details in radiological images. At the end of each osteology and radiology practical session an assessment questionnaire will be given to a randomly selected group of students. This questionnaire consists of two questions about the practical content, one at a basic level and the other at intermediate level. A maximum of 50% of the total number of students is assessed in each practical session. Each student is guaranteed at least two assessments during the entire course. Continuing assessment and attendance at practical session account for 5% of the final mark in the subject.
3. Topographical anatomy practical sessions: will take place in the Dissection Room of the Faculty of Medicine of the Autonomous University of Barcelona (Bellaterra Campus). A white lab coat is required to attend the practical sessions. Students are divided into fixed subgroups of 8-10 members, and examine anatomical preparations in order to identify the most important details. They will have a script and a list of objectives in the Virtual Classroom to that end. At the end of practical session, there will be an oral assessment (two or three questions) of a randomly chosen member of the subgroup. The mark obtained will be applied to all the members of the group. This assessment accounts for 5% of the final mark.
7. Programme of activities
FACE-TO-FACE SEMINARS
Take place in the classrooms in the faculty. The students are divided into groups that vary in their composition, depending on the type of lessons to be taught. They are active classes, some of which are conceived as theory/practical activities. These activities include:
• Seminars on Anatomical Nomenclature and Embryology
• Introductory Seminar to the Dissection Room
• Radiology Seminar
• Muscle Seminars, for virtual lessons in this section
VIRTUAL SEMINARS
The virtual part of the seminars on nomenclature and embryology and surface anatomy (seminars 1 and 2) consists of reading and studying the materials provided to that end. Learning will subsequently be assessed by means of an individual test with ten multiple choice questions with the same conditions as those in the general MPT of each term.
The other virtual seminars consist of voluntary activities to be done individually. Materials related to the Clinical Anatomy of the anatomical regions studied previously will be provided. Students must work with the materials provided and answer a questionnaire to be handed in to the Virtual Classroom of the subject of the Length and within the deadline stated.
The exercises will be graded fromo 0 to 10 points. The mark obtained in each of the exercises will count as an extra in the total of the average of four MPT tests for the virtual lessons and seminars (nomenclature and embryology, upper limb, lower limb and trunk).
The grading system will be as follows:
Exercises completed Calculation
Examples
One (Mark for the exercise/10) *0.12
(8/10) *0.12 = 0.09
Two (Average mark for the exercises/10) *0.30
(8/10) *0.30 = 0.24
Three (Average mark for the exercises/10) *0.50
(8/10) *0.50 = 0.40
The final mark in the virtual activities will be calculated based on the average of the four MPT tests (muscles of the upper limb, lower limb and trunk, nomenclature and embryology), as well as the mark obtained in the exercises on the clinical anatomy of the upper limb, lower limb and trunk.