2010-2011 academic year
Basic Physiopathology (20425)
Qualification/course: bachelor's degree in Human Biology
Year: third
Term: first
Number of ECTS credits: 4 credits
Student commitment: 100 hours
Teaching language or languages: Spanish and Catalan
Teaching staff: Joaquim Gea and Joan Pedro-Botet
1. Introduction to the subject
General Physiopathology is a compulsory and core third year subject of the joint bachelor's degree in Medicine at the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB) and Pompeu Fabra University (UPF). It is also a subject in the third year of Bachelor's degree in Biology at UPF. For conceptual and pragmatic reasons, the subject will be taught to students on the two degree courses at the same time. General Physiopathology consists of 4 ECTS credits (100 hours, of which less than half are face-to-face, and only a quarter are lectures), and contains both theoretical content and learning of various practical skills.
Physiopathology as a science is concerned with the functioning of the different levels of living beings suffering from disease and in a non-physiological condition. In more specific terms, the subject of General Physiopathology involves an intensive approach to the discipline's more generic aspects, with special emphasis on the mechanisms involved in the genesis and development of the various nosological processes. This subject aims to provide students with integrated knowledge of the cellular, tissue, systemic and individual levels. The subject Special Physiopathology and Semiology (a specific subject in the bachelor's degree in Medicine) studies the various general syndromes in depth and their clinical expression for each of the individual's systems and mechanisms. This approach enables a matrix and complementary model of physiopathology teaching to be used, based on a dual approach: general factors and mechanisms (General Physiopathology) and their predominant topographic and systemic expression on the other (Special Physiopathology and Semiology).
From a long-term curriculum point of view, General Physiopathology is the natural continuation of the learning of content and skills in General Physiology and Special Physiology. The conceptual sources of General Physiopathology are the subjects with structural contents (such as Anatomy, Histology and Pathological Anatomy) and those of a basic nature (especially Cellular Biology and Microbiology). The content of all these subjects will be closely coordinated. The natural continuation of General Physiology in the bachelor's degree in Medicine is the subject of Special Physiology and Semiology mentioned above (with which it will be closely coordinated), and other subjects linked to medical and surgical pathology.
2. Competences to be acquired
During the teaching of the subject, students should obtain the competences required by the educational authorities and stipulated in the degree syllabus, which are as follows:
a) Knowledge of the general concepts of health and disease. Concept of the syndrome.
b) Understanding of the concepts of etiology, physiopathology, pathogenesis, pathocrony, semiology and propedeutics.
c) Understanding of the basis for the relationship between the health sciences professional and the patient.
d) Familiarisation with the causes of dysfunction and disease.
e) The ability to appreciate the specific characteristics of elderly patients and/or those in a terminal condition.
f) Understanding of the physiopathology of general processes such as fever, pain and nutritional alterations.
g) Understanding of the physiopathology of processes based on the dysfunction of specific systems and organs.
h) Attainment of basic cross-disciplinary competences.
i) Development of cross-disciplinary oral and written expression and teamwork competences.
3. Contents
SUBJECT AREA I. GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PHYSIOPATHOLOGY
Subject 1. Introduction to general physiopathology
1. Biomedical sciences: their role in the population's health.
2. Health and disease.
3. The healthcare professional: healthcare, research and teaching.
4. Concepts of etiology, physiopathology, pathogenesis, pathocrony, nosotaxy, semiology and propedeutics.
5. Diagnosis and prognosis: types.
6. The concepts of sign and symptom. Disease and syndromes. Dysfunction.
7. Acute, subacute and chronic disease.
8. Localised and systemic disease. Concept of the target organ.
9. The therapeutic act.
Lecturer: Joaquim Gea
Subject 2. Concept of constitution. Constitution and disease. Endogenous risk factors
1. The historic concept of constitution.
2. The phenotype-genotype relationship in human clinical practice.
3. Genetic polymorphism and constitution.
4. Genetic polymorphism and risk of disease. Concept of risk factor.
5. Types of studies to cover polygenic diseases, e.g. the autoimmune diseases.
6. The HLA System and other gene systems conferring risk on autoimmunity.
7. Inheritance and epigenetics.
Lecturer: Mauricio Orozco-Levi
Subject 3. Physical and chemical agents, and psychological and social factors as a cause of disease
1. Physical agents.
1.1. Classification.
1.2. Diseases caused by changes in atmospheric pressure.
1.3. Seasonal mortality. Environmental disasters. Microclimate.
2. Chemical-toxic agents (intoxication, poisoning).
2.1. Definition, paths, types, mechanisms.
2.2. Anti-toxin defence mechanisms.
3. Toxic habits.
3.1. Smoking: epidemiological aspects, adverse effects. Action mechanisms.
3.2.Alcohol: functions. Excessive consumption, addiction. Related diseases.
3.3. Other drugs.
4. Psychological and social factors.
4.1. Types. Related diseases.
4.2. Stress.
5. Occupational pathologies.
5.1. Workplace illnesses: concept, factors and types.
5.2. Workplace accidents.
Lecturer: Joan Carles Pedro-Botet
Subject 4. Disease in old age. Geriatric syndromes
1. Physiopathology of ageing.
1.1. Concept and demographic aspects.
1.2. Organic and functional changes.
1.3. Role of oxidative stress and the immunological mechanisms.
2. Ways of becoming ill.
3. Clinical history. Polypharmacy.
4. Main geriatric syndromes.
5. General assessment of geriatric patients.
5.1. Biomedical, functional and social data.
5.2. Advantages of geriatric assessment
Lecturer: Ramón Miralles
SUBJECT AREA II. GENERAL PHYSIOPATHOLOGY OF THE VARIOUS DISEASES AND SYNDROMES
IIA. General processes
Subject 5. Physiopathology of thermoregulation. Fever syndrome
1. Normal body temperature and recording methods.
2. Concept and type of hypothermia.
3. Concept of hypothermia: heatwave.
4. Fever syndrome: physiopathology and semiology of fever.
5. Fever of unknown origin.
Lecturers: Pere Saballs and Francisco Alvarez-Lerma
Subject 6. Physiopathology of pain
1. Pain as a symptom.
2. Types of pain:
2.1. Primary (acute) and secondary (chronic) pain.
2.1. Visceral, deep and superficial pain.
3. Physiopathology of the pain response.
3.1. Peripheral response and CNS response. Mechanisms.
3.2. Alterations in sensitivity to pain and proprioceptive sensitivity.
3.3. Other alterations.
4. Clinical characteristics of pain: location, quality, intensity, irradiations.
5. Basic nomenclature in algology.
6. Assessment of pain intensity.
Lecturers: Rafael Maldonado and Andrés Ozaita
Subject 7. General state involvement syndrome. Physiopathology of weight loss and obesity
1. Asthenia.
2. Anorexia.
3. Weight loss.
4. Physiopathology of cachexia.
4.1. Alterations in metabolism and body composition.
4.2. Humoural factors, oxidative stress. Proteolysis, mechanisms.
4.3. Possible target molecules.
5. Obesity and calorie intake.
5.1. Excess weight and obesity: concepts.
5.2. Perception of saciety, physiopathology: gastric emptying and cough, intestinal receptors, molecular signalling. Serotonergic and adrenergic systems.
Lecturer: Esther Barreiro
Subject 8. General physiopathology of neoplasia
1. Carcinogenesis.
2. Genetic susceptibility.
2.1. Oncogenes and suppressor genes.
2.2. Cytogenetic disorders, clonal chromosomal abnormalities.
2.3. Usefulness of genetic biomarkers.
2.4. Implications for tumorigenesis and therapy.
2.5. Pharmacogenomics and proteomics in neoplasia.
3. Environmental factors. Interaction. Epigenetics.
4. Cell and tissue alterations in neoplasia.
5. Localised disease and disseminated disease.
6. Pathobiology of metastases.
7. Main paraneoplastic syndromes.
Lecturer: Joan Albanell
Subject 9. Palliative medicine. The terminal patient
1. Definition of a patient with advanced and terminal illness.
2. Foundations of palliative medicine.
3. Public resources for care for the terminal patient.
4. General principles for monitoring symptoms.
5. Pain and other physical symptoms.
6. Symptoms with an emotional component.
7. Situation in the final days, agony.
8. Sedation.
9. Ethical dilemmas regarding lengthening and curtailing life. The living will.
Lecturer: Josep Planas
Subject 10. Inflammation and disease
1. Inflammation as a defence mechanism
2. Systemic component of inflammation.
3. Systemic diseases.
4. Autoantibodies: pathogenetic and diagnostic importance.
5. Classification.
Lecturer: Esther Barreiro
IIB. Main dysfunctions of mechanisms and systems
Subject 11. Respiratory insufficiency
1. Respiratory insufficiency.
1.1. Tissue hypoxia, hypoxemia, hypercapnia and respiratory insufficiency.
1.2. Functional respiratory unit.
1.3. Alveolar hyperventilation and VA/Q ratio disorders. AaPO2.
1.4. Etiology and classifications of respiratory insufficiency.
2. Acute respiratory insufficiency.
2.1. Concept and physiopathology. Mediators.
2.2. Refractory and shunt hypoxemia, quantification.
2.3. Clinical manifestations and consequences.
3. Chronic respiratory insufficiency.
3.1. Mechanisms: alterations in diffusion and VA/Q imbalances.
3.2. Causes. Inflammation mechanisms. Tissue remodelling.
3.3. Local and systemic consequences.
Lecturers: Joaquim Gea and Alvar Agustí
Subject 12. Physiopathology of states of wakefulness and sleep
1. Classification of sleep disorders.
1.1. Insomnia, hypersomnia and parasomnia.
1.2. Respiratory sleep disorders. Physiopathological mechanisms. Alterations due to hypoxia-normoxia. Cardiovascular implications. Physiopathology.
1.3. Assessment of sleep quality. Biological records.
2. Coma: concepts of confusion, obnubilation and stupor.
2.1. Physiopathological classification of comas. Supratentorial and infratentorial. Metabolic.
2.2. Etiology and clinical syndrome.
2.3. Examining the level of consciousness (Glasgow scale).
3. Concept of brain death. Assessment and implications.
Lecturers: Joaquim Gea and Antoni Ferrer
Subject 13. Cardiac insufficiency
1. Concept of cardiac insufficiency.
2. General etiopathology. Epidemiology.
3. Physiopathology. Coadjuvant and provoking factors.
4. Mechanical pumping failure. Rhythm disorders. Adaptive mechanisms.
5. Clinical forms of cardiac insufficiency.
5.1. Left cardiac insufficiency.
5.2. Right cardiac insufficiency.
5.3. Biventricular cardiac insufficiency.
6. Physiological variables and assessment.
7. Physiopathological and functional classification of cardiac insufficiency.
Lecturer: Lluís Molina
Subject 14. Exercise limitations
1. Exercise limitations on healthy and unhealthy subjects.
2. Physiopathology of ventilatory limitation.
3. Physiopathology of cardiocirculatory limitation.
4. Physiopathology of peripheral limitation.
5. Sedentarism. Immobilisation and ageing, implications for limitation.
Lecturer: Joaquim Gea
Subject 15. Physiopathology of shock. Mechanisms and types of shock
1. Shock syndrome or hypoperfusion syndrome. Concept.
2. Mechanisms and main types of shock.
2.1. Hypovolemic shock. Physiopathology.
2.2. Cardiogenic shock. Physiopathology.
2.3. Distributive shock. Physiopathology.
3. Consequences of shock. Hemodynamic shock circle.
4. Consequences for tissue. Ischemia-reperfusion lesion.
5. Fluid balance and cardiovascular compensatory Mechanisms.
6. Clinical syndrome.
6.1. General.
6.2. Characteristics of distributive shock.
Lecturer: Joan Nolla
Subject 16. Malabsorption and maldigestion syndromes. Physiopathology and causes
1. Maldigestion:
1.1. Concept and physiopathology.
1.2. Classification: gastric origin, pancreatic origin, biliar origin.
2. Malabsorption:
2.1. Absorption mechanisms. Concept of malabsorption. Physiopathology.
2.2. Classification: decrease in the intestinal surface, wall lesions, vascular insufficiency, lymphatic obstruction.
2.3. Manifestations. Concepts of malnutrition and undernutrition.
3. Functional examination of maldigestion and malabsorption syndromes.
Lecturer: Montserrat Andreu
Subject 17. Physiopathology of marrow bone dysfunction. Physiopathology of lymphatic and spleen ganglia
1. Medullary insufficiency: concept.
1.1. Classification. Etiology.
1.2. Quantitative (selective [cytopenias] and global [aplasia]) and qualitative (myelodysplastic syndromes) medullary insufficiencies.
2. Medullary hyperfunction: concept.
2.1. Classification. Etiology.
2.2. Myeloproliferative syndromes and lymphoproliferative syndromes.
3. Lymphatic ganglia.
3.1. Physiopathology.
3.2. Clinical manifestations.
3.3. Puncture-aspiration and ganglial biopsy.
4. Spleen:
4.1. Hypersplenism.
4.2. Hyposplenism.
Lecturer: Joan Carles Pedro-Botet
Subject 18. General physiopathology of the locomotive system
1. Functional semiology: osteoarticular pain, stiffness, creaking, blockage, impotence.
2. Physical semiology: topography of the arthropathy. Tumefaction, deformities, mobility,
articular hyperlaxity.
3. Physiopathology of the locomotive system.
3.1. Degenrative arthropathy: arthrosis. Etiopathology. Etiological factors. Classification. Clinical manifestations. Most common locations. Complementary tests.
3.2. Inflammatory arthropathy: arthritis. Etiopathology: infectious, microcrystalline and immunological arthritis. Clinical manifestations. Complementary tests.
Subject 19. General physiopathology of bone metabolism
1. Bone physiopathology.
2. Classification of osteopathies, according to physiopathological alterations.
2.1. Negative bone balance.
2.2. Coupling.
2.3. Mineralisation.
2.4. Bone laminar structure.
3. General clinical manifestations.
4. Osteoporotic syndromes.
5. Osteomalacic syndrome.
Lecturers: Jordi Carbonell and Jordi Monfort
Subject 20. Hydrocarbon metabolism disorders
1. Glycemia regulation alterations.
2. Hypoglycemia. Concept.
2.1. Classification and physiopathology.
2.2. Clinical syndrome.
3. Hyperglycemia. Concept and etiopathology. Genetic, immunological and environmental factors.
3.1. Classification and physiopathology.
3.2. Clinical syndrome. Physiopathology of acute (ketosis, hyperosmolar coma) and chronic (microangiopathy and macroangiopathy) complications.
3.3. Examination of carbohydrate metabolism.
Lecturer: Albert Goday
Subject 21. Lipid metabolism disorders
1. Hypolipoproteinemia. Concept.
1.1. Primary and secondary hypolipoproteinemia.
1.2. Clinical syndrome.
2. Hyperlipoproteinemia. Concept. Genetic-environmental interactions. Classification.
2.1. Mechanisms producing hypercholesterolemia.
2.2. Mechanisms producing hypertriglyceridemia.
2.3. Clinical syndrome. Hypercholesterolemias, hypertriglyceridemias.
3. Physiopathological bases and consequences of arteriosclerotic lesion.
4. Lipid profile: laboratory study.
Lecturer: Joan Carles Pedro-Botet
Subject 22. Protein and purine metabolism disorders
1. Protein metabolism disorders.
1.1. Amino acid metabolism alterations.
1.2. Cell protein metabolism alterations.
1.3. Tissue protein metabolism alterations.
1.4. Physiopathology dysproteinemias. Clinical syndromes. Hypoalbuminemia, hypoglubulinemia, hyperglubulinemia.
2. Physiopathology of uric acid disorders: hypouricemia and hyperuricemia.
Lecturer: Jaume Puig de Dou
Subject 23. Physiopathology of water and electrolytes. Water balance, sodium and potassium balance, and acid-base disorders.
1. Water electrolyte balance disorders:
1.1. Volume, composition and physiopathology of the extracellular space
1.2. Dehydration and hyperhydaation: mechanisms and causes. Clinical syndrome.
1.3. Hyponatremia and hypernatremia: physiopathology. Mechanisms and causes. Clinical syndromes.
1.4. Hypoprosexia and hyperpotassemia: physiopathology. Mechanisms and causes. Clinical syndromes.
2. Acid-base disorders.
2.1. Classification and concept of anion gap.
2.2. Acidosis and metabolic alkalosis: mechanisms and causes. Clinical syndrome.
2.3. Acidosis and respiratory alkalosis mechanisms and causes. Clinical syndrome.
2.4. Mixed acid-base disorders.
Lecturer: Joaquim Gea
Subject 24. Physiopathology of renal insufficiency
1. Concept and type.
2. Acute renal insufficiency:
2.1. Physiopathological classification.
2.2. Mechanisms and causes.
2.3. Manifestations.
3. Chronic renal insufficiency:
3.1. Etiology.
3.2. Physiopathology and semiology. Implications for other systems: hematopoiesis, osteocalcin metabolism, endocrine disorders.
Lecturer: Julio Pascual
Subject 25. Lecture by guest lecturer: "Interactions between different systems"
1. History of hepatopulmonary syndrome.
2. A healthy lung with hypoxemia.
3. An unhealthy liver that determines the exchange of gases in the lung.
4. Physiopathological mechanisms. Mediators.
5. Hepatic transplant and resolution of hypoxemia.
Speaker: Professor Robert Rodríguez-Roisín
Classic seminars
These seminars have a traditional format, with small groups of students (6-7 per group) and an instructor. The first two are taught on both the Medicine and Human Biology bachelor's degree courses, while the third is broken down into specific content for each degree course.
Seminar 1. Communication between the healthcare team, the patient, the family and other individuals involved. Factors facilitating communication between healthcare professionals and patients: overcoming barriers
1. Relationships with specific subgroups of patients: children, adolescents, senior citizens, physically or mentally handicapped patients.
2. Cultural and religious barriers.
3. Relations with relatives.
4. Relationships between the various members of the healthcare team.
5. Confidentiality and informed consent.
6. Informed consent in healthcare and biomedical research.
Lecturers: Joaquim Gea and Joan Carles Pedro-Botet
Seminar 2. The clinical history
1. Anamnesis.
1.1. Technique.
1.2. Characteristics of the good enquirer.
1.3. Review of the symptoms by mechanism and system.
2. Phases of the clinical method.
3. Epicrisis.
4. Types of clinical history.
4.1. Problem-focused clinical history.
Lecturers: Joaquim Gea and Joan Carles Pedro-Botet
Seminar 3A (bachelor's degree in Medicine)
General examination of the patient. General principles
1. General principles of physical examination.
2. General inspection, skin and skin appendages.
3. Exploration of adenopathies.
4. Head and neck.
5. Examination by mechanisms.
6. Instrumental.
7. Methodology: inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation.
Lecturers: Joaquim Gea and Joan Carles Pedro-Botet
Seminar 3B (bachelor's degree in Human Biology)
The biologist and the study of human physiopathology
1. Multidisciplinary teams. Research transfer.
2. The clinical problem and the question of research.
3. Consideration of the question and the methodological approach.
4. Experimental models. Advantages and limitations.
5. Studies in humans. Advantages and limitations.
4. Interpretation of results. Transfer to clinical practice.
Lecturers: Mauricio Orozco-Levi and Esther Barreiro
Seminars in problem-based learning and oral presentation format
These seminars will take place for two correlative groups (12-14 students in each group) over the year. The preparation of each group will be supervises by a lecturer.
Students prepare them and make a presentation to the entire class in a session lasting an hour and a half. Two of the large groups will pake a presentation in each session (40' each), making a total of 5 seminars.
The subjects will be announced at the beginning of the course and will also change every year. They will include entities of physiopathological interest and with high prevalence. The presentation will describe the entity, its etiopathology and syndromic expression, with special emphasis on its physiopathology at molecular, cellular and organ/system level. Mention will be made at the end of the bibliographical sources consulted and questions will be asked by the lecturer and classmates.
The following topics will be covered on the next course: autoimmune hypotheses of classic syndromes and diseases, physiopathology of intense muscular exercise, acute and chronic obstruction of the air flow, hepatocellular insufficiency, gastroenteric syndrome, suprarenal dysfunction, hypophysary dysfunction regulation, physiopathology of the human body at high altitudes, using animal models to understand human physiopathology.
Posters and poster session
The posters will be produced by groups of 6-7 students during the year, and the subjects will be provided at the start of the year. Every group will have a reference lecturer to supervise its preparation.
The presentation session (4 h) will take place approximately halfway through the subject.
The specific subjects for the posters will change every year.
The poster, which will be on a specific nosological entity, must include: Title and authors, description of the condition, etiopathology, syndrome expression and special emphasis on physiopathology, at molecular, cellular and organ/system level. It must also include an example of an animal model for the study of the entity's physiopathology. Finally, conclusions and bibliographical references msut be included.
The topics include those related with mechanisms linked to the genetic substrate, genetic-environmental interactions, inflammation, immunity, carcinogenesis, degenerative processes, lesions due to ischemia-reperfusion and hypoxia-normoxia, mechanical problems and physiologically extreme situations.
For this course, the topics will be: acute pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, AIDS, systemic lupus erythematosus, pneumonia, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, systemic arterial hypertension, multi-organ failure, metabolic syndrome as an aggregation of cardiovascular risk factors, the edematous patient, myopathies, cystic fibrosis, dementias, Parkinsonian syndrome, cerebral vascular accident, ischemic cardiopathy, medullary section, nephrotic syndrome, and immersion physiopathology.
Practical sessions
Five hour-long practical sessions will take place in groups.
Practical session 1. Physiopathology of the digestive system
The esophagus: reflux, pH-metry and esophageal manometry.
Esophageal Physiopathology Laboratory, Hospital del Mar.
Lecturer: Montserrat Andreu
Practical session 2. Physiopathology of the cardiovascular system
The heart: electrocardiography, basics. Ultrasound scanning at rest and during effort.
Echocardiography Laboratory, Hospital del Mar.
Lecturer: Lluís Molina
Practical session 3. Physiopathology of the endocrine system
Anthropometry. Assessment of the nutritional state: techniques and normality criteria. Dietary records. Examination of hormonal metabolism: inhibition and stimulation tests.
Enocrinology Laboratory, Hospital del Mar.
Lecturer: Jaume Puig de Dou
Practical session 4. Neurophysiopathology
Detection of alterations in the nervous system. Foundations of EMG and EEG, nerve conduction study, evoked potentials and transcranial stimulation of the cerebral cortex.
Neurophysiology Laboratory, Hospital del Mar.
Lecturer: Josep M. Espadaler
Practical session 5. Multi-system physiopathology
Muscle exercise and function exercise in the healthy subject and the patient. Assessment of limiting factors (cycle ergometry). Concept and assessment of strength (dynamometry). Concept and assessment of stamina (time limit). Metabolic implications. Concept of fatigue.
Respiratory Physiopathology Laboratory, Hospital del Mar
Lecturer: Joaquim Gea
4. Assessment
There are two types of assessment: formative and accreditative.
Formative: not compulsory. This takes place during the course and has a small positive impact on the final mark if passed. It consists of a test with 5 questions about the subject already covered.
Accreditative: takes place at the end of the course, despite including parts of the student's continuous assessment. It takes various concepts into consideration: the assimilation of both focal and contextual knowledge, the work done over the course as a whole and learning of practical aspects. The final mark will be the total of:
a) Multiple choice test (MCT), assessed on 5 points (50% of the mark). The threshold necessary for passing this part will be 50%. Suggested format: 50 questions.
b) Test with short answer questions, assessed on 3 points (30% of the mark). The threshold necessary for passing this part is 50% of the knowledge. Suggested format: 5 questions.
The next two concepts will only be assessed if a pass mark is obtained (at least 5 points out of 10) in each of the two previous tests (essay and MCT):
c) The work-presentation for the problem-based learning seminar, which will also be assessed up to 1 point (assessment sheet) (10% of the mark).
d) The presentation of group work in poster format, which will also be assessed up to 1 point (average mark by different assessors) (10% of the mark).
Attendance in at least 2 of the 3 practical sessions is essential in order to be assessed for the final examination (essay and MCT).
Pass criteria and qualitative grades
Student must obtain a mark of 5 or higher to pass the subject.
Passing 70% of the objectives will lead a mark of Good and passing 90% of the objectives will lead to a mark of Excellent. There will be a number of honours proportional to the total number of registered students, which will be given to the best final marks, providing that they pass the threshold of Excellent.
5. Bibliography and teaching resources
5.1. Basic bibliography
Physiopathology and physiology
Fisiología y fisiopatología (Guyton AC, Hall JE), McGraw-Hill Interamericana.
General and special pathology
Manual de patología general (Castro del Pozo), Masson.
Patología general.. Semiología clínica y fisiopatología (García-Conde J, Merino J, González J), McGraw-Hill, Interamericana.
Medicine
Tratado de medicina interna (Rozman C, Cardellach F.), Elsevier Science España.
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (Fauci AS et al), McGraw-Hill.
5.2. Complementary bibliography
Physiopathology and physiology
Essentials of Pathophysiology (Kaufman CE, McKee PA). Little, Brown & Company.
Tratado de fisiología médica (Guyton AC, Hall JE), McGraw-Hill Interamericana.
Fisiología humana (Tresguerres JAF), McGraw-Hill Interamericana.
Fisiología humana (Stuart Ira Fox), McGraw-Hill Interamericana.
Fisiología (Berne RM, Matthew N.L.), Elsevier Science España.
Fisiopatología y bioquímica (Pfreundschun M, Schölmerich J), Elsevier Science España.
Fundamentos de fisiopatología (Esteller A, Cordero M), McGraw-Hill Interamericana.
General and special pathology
Exploración clínica (Niguer L). Editorial Científico-Médica.
Semiología y métodos de exploración clínica (Rozman C). Salvat.
Medicine
Medicina interna (Rodés J, Guardia J). Masson.
Introducción a la medicina clínica (Lasso FJ). Masson.
Recommended Journals
American Journal of Physiology: Cell Physiology.
American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal & Liver Physiology.
American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology.
American Journal of Physiology: Lung and Cellular and Molecular Physiology.
American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology.
Pflügers Archives: European Journal of Physiology.
Journal of Physiology (London).
Journal of Clinical Investigation (J Clin Invest).
European Journal of Clinical Investigation (Eur J Clin Invest).
Electronic resources
- http://www.cdc.gov/health/default.htm
- http://fisiocardio.galeon.com
- http://www.librospdf.net/fisiopatologia-respiratoria/7/
- http://www.librospdf.net/fisiopatologia-hipertension-e-insuficiencia-renal-/5/
- http://www.saber.ula.ve/bitstream/123456789/13293/1/p1.pdf
- http://bama.ua.edu/~hsmithso/class/Web/muscle.htm
- http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/anat.slideshows.html
- http://www.slideshare.net/usmanmekan/gastrointestinal-physiology-presentation
- http://www2.uic.edu/stud_orgs/hon/aoa/M1reviews/PhysioGI.ppt
- http://webanatomy.net/ppt/resp_physio.htm
- http://www.slideworld.org/slidestag.aspx/immunology
6. Methodology
7. Programme of activities