2004-2005

Llicenciatura en Dret (3311)


Innovació i Canvi Tecnológic(10089) 


Tema 1

Introducció. Per què els economistes estudien la ciència, la tecnologia i la innovació?
Bibliografia
*RUTTAN, Vernon W. 2001 Technology, Growth and Development. Oxford University Press. [Part I].
*FREEEMAN, Chris and Luc Soete. 1997. The Economics of Industrial Innovation (Third Edition). The MIT Press. [Ch.1].
ROSENBERG, Nathan and L. E. Birdzell. 1986. How the West Grew Rich: The Economic Transformation of the Industrial World. New York, Basic Books. [Ch.1].

Tema 2

La perspectiva històrica. Què fa a una societat ser un innovador d’èxit?
Bibliografia
* MOKYR, Joel. 1993. La Palanca de la riqueza: creatividad tecnológica y progreso económico. Alianza Editorial. [Cap. 1 i 7].
*MOKYR, Joel. 1990. The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress. New York: Oxford University Press. [Parts II & III].
FREEMAN, Chris and Luc Soete. 1997. The Economics of Industrial Innovation (Third Edition). The MIT Press. [Part One].
DIAMOND, Jared. 1998. Guns, Germs and Steel. New York: Vintage, Random House. [Part 2].
ROSENBERG, Nathan and L. E. Birdzell. 1986. How the West Grew Rich: The Economic Transformation of the Industrial World. New York, Basic Books. [Cap.2-5, especialment Cap. 4*].  

Tema 3

La perspectiva macroeconòmica. La ciència i la tecnologia com a factors de creixement. Les implicacions macroeconòmiques de la difusió de les innovacions.
Bibliografia
*RUTTAN, Vernon W. 2001 Technology, Growth and Development. Oxford University Press. [Part I].
*JONES, Charles. 2001. Introduction to Economic Growth. 2 nd edition. Norton. [The Economics of Ideas].
FREEMAN, Chris and Luc Soete. 1997. The Economics of Industrial Innovation (Third Edition). The MIT Press. [Part Three].
GREENWOOD , Jeremy. 1997. The Third Industrial Revolution: Technology, Productivity and Income Inequality, AEI Studies on Understanding Inequality, Washington, D.C. The AEI Press. [Also, printed in the Economic Review, 1999, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland].
FAGERBERG, Jan. 1994. “Technology and International Differences in Growth Rates” Journal of Economic Literature, 32, 1147–1175.  

Tema 4

La perspectiva microeconòmica. Són els béns d’innovació diferents?
Bibliografia
*ARROW, Kenneth J. 1962. “Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention,” in R.R. Nelson ed. The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Facotrs. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
RUTTAN, Vernon W. 2001 Technology, Growth and Development. Oxford University Press. [Part II].
JONES, Charles. 2001. Introduction to Economic Growth. 2 nd edition. Norton. [The Economics of Ideas].
ROSENBERG, Nathan.. 1982. Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. [Ch. 3&5].
SHAPIRO, Carl and Hal R. Varian. 1999. Information Rules. A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy. Harvard Business School Press. [Ch. 1&2].
SHERER, F.M. 1999. New Perspectives on Economic Growth and Technological Innovation. Brookings.  

Tema 5

La perspectiva del segle XXI. “La Nova Economia”, és nova? [1r. debat].
Bibliografia
*GORDON, Robert. 2000. “Does the ‘New Economy’ Measure up to Great innovations of the Past?” Journal of Economic Perspectives. 14, 4, 49-74.
*BRANFORD DeLong, J. 2002. “Do We Have a ‘New’ Macroeconomy?” in A.B. Jaffe, J. Lerner and S. Stern (eds.) Innovation Policy and the Economy (Volume 2), 163 –184.
COHEN, Daniel, Pietro Garibaldi and Stefano Scarpetta. 2004. The ICT Revolution: Productivity Differences and the Digital Divide. Oxford University Press. [Part I].
TEMPLE, Jonathan. 2002. “The Assessment: The New Economy,”  Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 18: 241-264.

 

Tema 6

El mercat i les perspectives regionals. El mercat com a mecanisme de selecció. La regió com a font d’innovació.
Bibliografia
*ROSENBERG, Nathan.. 1982. Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press [Chs. 8&10].
*FLORIDA, Richard. 2003. “Entrepreneurship, Creativity and Regional Economic Growth” in David M. Hart. Ed. The Emergency of Entrepreneurship Policy.
BRESNAHAN, Timothy F. and Franco Malerba. 2002. “The Value of Competitive Innovation and U.S: Policy towards the Computer Industry” in Chong-En Bai and Chi-Wa Yuen (eds.) Technology and the New Economy. The MIT Press.
SAH, R. and Joseph Stiglitz. 1986. “The Architecture of Economic Systems: Hierarchies and Polyarchies”, American Economic Review 76(4), 716 –727.  

Tema 7

La perspectiva de l’empresa i la indústria. L’evolució de la innovació i la indústria.
Bibliografia
*FREEMAN, Chris and Luc Soete. 1997. The Economics of Industrial Innovation (Third Edition). The MIT Press. [Part Two].
*HARTMANN, George C. and Mark B. Myers. 2001. “Technical Risk, Product Specifications and Market Risk” in Branscome, L. M. and P. E. Auerswald (eds.)  Taking Technical Risks: How innovators, executives, and investors manage high-tech risks. The MIT Press.
ROSENBERG, Nathan.. 1982. Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press [Ch. 6].
SHAPIRO, Carl and Hal R. Varian. 1999. Information Rules. A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy. Harvard Business School Press. [Ch. 7&8].  

Tema 8

L’administració de la innovació: Quina R&D i estratègia d’innovació han de seguir les empreses i com han d’estar administrades?
Bibliografia
*UTTERBACK, James M. 1996. Mastering the Dynamics of Innovation. Harvard Business School Press. [Chs. 1 – 4].
*BOWEN, Kent H., Kim B. Clark, Charles A. Holloway and Steven C. Wheelwright (eds.) 1994. The Perpetual Enterprise Machine. New York: Oxford University Press.
FINANCIAL TIMES. 2004 (09/17, 09/24, 10/01 & 10/08). Mastering Innovation.
ROBERTS, Edward B. (ed.) 2002. Innovation: Driving Product, Process, and Market Change. MIT Sloan Management Review. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, Wiley.  

Tema 9

La perspectiva legal. L’inventor ha d’estar protegit? Com? [2n. debat].
Bibliografia
*BOLDRIN, Michele and David Levine. 2003. The Case Against Intellectual Monopoly. Work in progress.  http://levine.sscnet.ucla.edu/general/intellectual/intellectual.htm .
*ROMER, Paul M. 2002. “When Should We Use Intellectual Property Rights?” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings. 213 – 216.
BESEN, Stanley M. and Leo J. Raskind. 1991. “An Introduction to the Law and Economics of Intellectual Property,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5, 1, 3-27.
MAZZOLENI, Roberto and Richard Nelson. 1998. “The Benefits and Costs of Strong Patent Protection: A Contribution to the Current Debate,” Research Policy. 27, 273-284.
LERNER, J. 2001. “150 years of patent protection,” NBER Working Paper N0. 7478, January.
GALLINI, Nancy and Suzanne Scotchmer. 2002. “Intellectual Property: When Is It the Best Incentive System?” in A.B. Jaffe, J. Lerner and S. Stern (eds) Innovation Policy and the Economy (Volume 2), 51 -77.  

Tema 10

La perspectiva dels científics. Les societats han d’invertir en ciència bàsica? Com?
Bibliografia
*ROSENBERG, Nathan.. 1982. Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economcs. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. [Ch. 7].
*JAFFE, Adam B. 1989. “Real Effects of Academic Research,” American Economic Review,  79, 5.NELSON, Richard R. 1959. “The Simple Economics of Basic Scientific Research,” Journal of Political Economy 67, 3, 297-306.
ROSENBERG, Nathan. 2003. “America’s Entrepreneurial Universities,” in David M. Hart. Ed. The Emergency of Entrepreneurship Policy. 

Tema 11

La política econòmica i la perspectiva de les polítiques públiques. Qui es resisteix a la innovació? Com haurien d’estar dissenyades les polítiques d’R&D?
Bibliografia
*MOKYR, Joel. 2002. The Gifts of Athena: historical origins of the knowledge economy. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ. [Ch. 6].
*NELSON, Richard and Paul Romer. 1996. “Science, Economic Growth, and Public Policy,” Challenge. 39, 2, 9-21.
HALL and van Reenen. 2000. “How Effective Are Fiscal Incentives for R&D? A Review of the Evidence,” Research Policy. April 449-470.
ROMER, Paul M. 2000. “Should the Government Subsidize Supply or Demand in the Market for Scientists and Engineers? in A.B. Jaffe, J. Lerner and S. Stern (eds) Innovation Policy and the Economy (Volume 1), 221-252.

 

Tema 12

La perspectiva de la UE (Lisboa & Barcelona): com podem fer d’Europa (i Catalunya) “ l’economia més competitiva del món, basada en coneixements dinàmics (…) amb una despesa d’R&D del 3% sobre el PIB”?
Bibliografia
*EUROPEAN COMMISSION. 2003. Raising EU R&D Intensity. Directorate-General for Research.
*GAVIN Wright. 1998. “Can A nation Learn? American Technology as a Network Phenomenon,” in N. Lamoreaux, D. Raff and P. Temin (eds.) Learning By Doing in Markets, Firms and Countries. University of Chicago Press.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. 2003. Towards a European Research Area. Key Figures 2002.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. 2003. Third European Report on Science & Technology Indicators: Towards a Knowledge-based Economy.  

II. PROF. WALTER GARCIA-FONTES

Tema 1. Anàlisi empírica de la competència en R+D entre empreses

Objectius i metodologia de l'anàlisi econòmica aplicada a les indústries. Models de competència en R+D. Models de carrera de patents: teoria i evidència empírica.
Bibliografia
HENDERSON (1993).
LERNER (1997).
GILBERT; NEWBERRY (1982). 

Tema 2. Canvi tecnològic a les funcions de producció

Aplicar les tècniques de comptabilitat del creixement. Estimació dels rendiments de l’R+D utilitzant funcions de producció i valor de mercat de les empreses.
Bibliografia
HALL; MAIRESSE (1995).
HALL (1998).  

Tema 3. La mesura del canvi tecnològic

Entendre les diferents fonts de mesura de l'activitat econòmica: inversió en R+D, patents, balança tecnològica, productes d'alta tecnologia, qüestionaris a experts, publicacions i cites. Efectes del canvi tecnològic sobre els índex de preus al consum. La mesura del canvi tecnològic amb corbes de costos i d'experiència. Utilització de patents com a mesura del canvi tecnològic.
Bibliografia
HAUSMANN (1999).
FREEMAN (1975).
HALL; JAFFEE; TRAJTENBERG (2004).  

Tema 4. Dimensió, concentració i innovació

Entendre les hipòtesis de Schumpeter. Treballar la idea d'Arrow dels incentius a innovar en indústries en competència. Introduir els conceptes d'impuls tecnològic i pressió de la demanda. Conèixer l'evidència empírica sobre la inversió en R+D: fets empírics estilitzats, concentració i innovació, grandària i innovació, cooperació. L'anàlisi de Sutton sobre la relació entre concentració i R+D.
Bibliografia
JORDE; TEECE (1990).
COHEN; LEVIN (1989). 

Tema 5. Estàndars i externalitats en xarxa

Entendre la importància dels estàndards per al canvi tecnològic. Treballar amb casos d'externalitats en xarxa. Analitzar la formació de coalicions d'usuaris per a la fixació d'estàndards. Tests empírics sobre l'existència d'externalitats en xarxa.
Bibliografia
KATZ; SHAPIRO (1994).
LIEBOWITZ; MARGOLIS (1994).
GANDAL (1995). 

Referències Part I (prof. Ramon Marimon)

ACEMOGLU, Daron. 2003. “Factor Prices and TeCapnical Capange: From Induced Innovations to Recent Debates,” in P. Aghion et al. (eds .) Knowledge, Information and Expectations in Modern Macroeconomics: In Honor of Edmund Phelps, Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ.
ARTHUR, Brian W. 1994. “Positive Feedback in the Economy,” in B.W. Arthur ed. Increasing Returns and Pathe Dependence in the Economy. Ann Arbor, MI: University of MiCapigan Press.
ARROW, Kenneth J. 1962. “Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention,” in R.R. Nelson ed. The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Facotrs. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
BESEN, Stanley M. and Leo J. RASKIND. 1991. “An Introduction to the Law and Economics of Intellectual Property,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5, 1, 3-27.
BOLDRIN, MiCapele and David LEVINE. 2003. The Case Against Intellectual Monopoly. Treball en progrés. http://levine.sscnet.ucla.edu/general/intellectual/intellectual.htm
BOLDRIN, MiCapele and David LEVINE. 2003. “Competition and Innovation.” Mimeo. UCLA.
BOTTAZI, L. and M.D. RIN. 2002. “Venture capital in Europe and the financing of innovative companies,” Economic Policy, April, 231-269.
BOWEN, Kent H., Kim B. CLARK, Caparles A. HOLLOWAY and Steven C. WHEELWRIGHT (eds.) 1994. The Perpetual Enterprise MaCapine. New York: Oxford University Press.
BRANFORD DeLong, J. 2002. “Do We Have a ‘New’ Macroeconomy?” in A.B. Jaffe, J. Lerner and S. Stern (eds) Innovation Policy and the Economy (Volume 2), 163 –184.
BRESNAHAN, Timothy F. and Franco MALERBA. 2002. “The Value of Competitive Innovation and U.S: Policy towards the Computer Industry” in Capong-En Bai and Capi-Wa Yuen (eds.) Technology and the New Economy. The MIT Press.
COHEN, Daniel, Pietro GARIBALDI and Stefano SCARPETTA. 2004. The ICT Revolution: Productivity Differences and the Digital Divide. Oxford University Press.
DAVERI, Francesco. 2002. “The New Economy in Europe, 1992–2001” Oxford Review of Economic Policy ,18: 345-362.
DAVID, Paul A. 1986. “Understanding the Economics of QWERTY: The Necessity of History,” in W.N. Parker ed. Economic History and the Modern Economist. Oxford: Blackwell.
DIAMOND, Jared. 1998. Guns, Germs and Steel. New York: Vintage, Random House.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. 2000.  Towards a European ResearCap Area. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. 2002. Corporation Ttax and Innovation. Innovation Papers No. 19.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. 2003. Towards a European ResearCap Area. Key Figures 2002.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. 2003. Third European Report on Science & Technology Indicators: Towards a Knowledge-based Economy.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. 2003. Raising EU R&D Intensity. Directorate-General for ResearCap.
EUROSTAT. 2001. Science and Technology in Europe. Statistical Pocketbook, Data 1990 – 2000.
EUROSTAT. 2002. ResearCap and Development: Annual Statistics,, Data 1990 – 2000.
FLORIDA, RiCapard. 2003. “Entrepreneurship, Creativity and Regional Economic Growth” in David M. Hart. Ed. The Emergency of Entrepreneurship Policy.
FAGERBERG, Jan. 1994. “Technology and International Differences in Growth Rates” Journal of Economic Literature, 32, 1147 – 1175.
FAGERBERG, Jan. 2002. Technology, Growth and Competitiveness. Selected Essays. Edward Elgar, Capeltenham.
FREEEMAN, Capris and Luc SOETE. 1997. The Economics of Industrial Innovation (Third Edition). The MIT Press.
FINANCIAL TIMES. 2004 (09/17, 09/24, 10/01 & 10/08). Mastering Innovation.
GALLINI, Nancy and Suzanne SCOTCAPMER. 2002. “Intellectual Property: When Is It the Best Incentive System?” in A.B. Jaffe, J. Lerner and S. Stern (eds) Innovation Policy and the Economy (Volume 2), 51 -77.
GAVIN Wright. 1998. “Can A nation Learn? American Technology as a Network Phenomenon,” in N. Lamoreaux, D. Raff and P. Temin (eds.) Learning By Doing in Markets, Firms and Countries. University of Capicago Press.
GORDON, Robert. 2000. “Does the ‘New Economy’ Measure up to Great innovations of the Past?” Journal of Economic Perspectives. 14, 4, 49-74.
GREENWOOD , Jeremy. 1997. The Third Industrial Revolution: Technology, Productivity and Income Inequality, AEI Studies on Understanding Inequality, Washington,DC. The AEI Press. També publicat a Economic Review, 1999, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.
GREENWOOD , Jeremy, MiCapael GORT and Peter RUPERT. 1999. "How MuCap of Economic Growth is Fueled by Investment-Specific TeCapnological Progress?" Economic Commentary.
HALL and VAN REENEN. 2000. “How Effective Are Fiscal Incentives for R&D? A Review of the Evidence,” ResearCap Policy. April 449-470.
HART, David M. ed. 2003. The Emergency of Entrepreneurship Policy. Cambridge University Press.
HAYEK, F.A. 1978. “Competition as a Discovery Process,” Cap. 12 in F. A. Hayek, New Studies in Philosophy and the History of Ideas.London: Ruetledge.
JAFFE, Adam B. 1986. “TeCapnological Opportunity and Spillovers of R&D: Evidence from Firms’ Patents, Profits and Market Value,” American Economic Review, 76, 5, 984-1001.
JAFFE, Adam B. 1989. “Real Effects of Academic ResearCap,” American Economic Review,  79, 5.
JOVANOVIC, Boyan and Peter L ROUSSEAU. 2002. “Stock Markets in the New Economy” in Capong-En Bai and Capi-Wa Yuen (eds.) Technology and the New Economy. The MIT Press.
KREPS, David M. 2004. Microeconomics for Managers. Norton & Co., New York.
LANDES, David S. 1969. The Unbound Prometheus: TeCapnological Capange, 1750 to the Present. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
LANDES, David S. 1998. “East is East and West is West” in M. Berg and K. Bruland (eds.) TeCapnological Revolutions in Europe. Edward Elgar, Capeltenham, UK.
LERNER, J. 2001. “150 years of patent protection,” NBER Working Paper N0. 7478, January.
LIPSEY, RiCapard G., Cliff BEKAR and Kenneth CARLAW. 1998. “The Consequences of Capanges in GPTs” in Helpman, Elhanan (ed.) General Purpose TeCapnologies and Economic Growth. The MIT Press.
MADDISON, A. 1991. Monitoring the World Economy: 1820 – 1992. Paris, OECD.
MAZZOLENI, Roberto and RiCapard NELSON. 1998. “The Benefits and Costs of Strong Patent Protection: A Contribution to the Current Debate,” ResearCap Policy. 27, 273-284.
MOKYR, Joel. 1990. The Lever of RiCapes: TeCapnological Creativity and Economic Progress. New York: Oxford University Press.
MOKYR, Joel. 1990. Twenty-Five Centuries of TeCapnological Capange: An Historical Survey. Harwood Academic Publishers.
MOKYR, Joel. 2000. “Innovation and Its Enemies: The Economic and Political Roots of TeCapnological Inertia,” in M. Olson and S. Kähkönen (eds.) A Not so Dismal Science. Oxford University Press, Oxford., 61-91.
MOKYR, Joel. 2002. The Gifts of Athena: historical origins of the knowledge economy. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ.
NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD. 2002. Science and Engineering Indicators – 2002. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation.
NELSON, RiCapard R. 1959. “The Simple Economics of Basic Scientific ResearCap,” Journal of Political Economy 67, 3, 297-306.
NELSON, RiCapard and Paul ROMER. 1996. “Science, Economic Growth, and Public Policy,” Capallenge. 39, 2, 9-21.
OECD. 2002. Main Science and Technology Indicators. 2001 – 2002.
OECD. 2001. Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2001.
POHJOLA, Matti. 2002. “The New Economy in Growth and Development” Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 18: 380-396.
PARENTE, Stephen L. And Edward C. PRESCOTT. 2002. Barriers to RiCapes. The MIT Press. Cambridge, MA.
PORTER, MiCapael E. 2001. “Strategy and the Internet,” Harvard Business Review. 89, 3, 62-78.
ROMER, Paul M. 2000. “Should the Government Subsidize Supply or Demand in the Market for Scientists and Engineers? in A.B. Jaffe, J. Lerner and S. Stern (eds) Innovation Policy and the Economy (Volume 1), 221-252.
ROSENBERG, Nathan.. 1982. Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.
ROSENBERG, Nathan.. 1990. “Why Do Firms Do Basic ResearCap (with Their Own Money),” ResearCap Policy. 20, 165-174.
ROSENBERG, Nathan. 1994. Exploring the Black Box: Technology, Economics and History. Cambridge University Press.
ROSENBERG, Nathan. 2003. “America’s Entrepreneurial Universities,” in David M. Hart. Ed. The Emergency of Entrepreneurship Policy.
ROSENBERG, Nathan and L. E. BIRDZELL. 1986. How the West Grew RiCap: The Economic Transformation of the Industrial World. New York, Basic Books.
RUTTAN, Vernon W. 2001 Technology, Growth and Development. Oxford University Press.
SAH, R. and Joseph STIGLITZ. 1986. “The ArCapitecture of Economic Systems: HierarCapies and PolyarCapies”, American Economic Review 76(4), 716 –727.
SHAPIRO, Carl and Hal R. VARIAN. 1999. Information Rules. A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy. Harvard Business SCapool Press.
SHERER, F.M. 1999. New Perspectives on Economic Growth and TeCapnological Innovation. Brookings.
STONEMAN, Paul. 1987. The Economic Analysis of Technology Policy. Oxford University Press.
TEMPLE, Jonathan. 2002. “The Assessment: The New Economy,”  Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 18: 241-264.
THIRTLE, Colin G. and Vernon W. RUTTAN. 1987. The Role of Demand and Supply in the Generation and Diffusion of TeCapnological Capange. Harwood Academic.
UTTERBACK, James M. 1996. Mastering the Dynamics of Innovation. Harvard Business SCapool Press.
WILLIAMSON. 1991. “Productivity and American Leadership: A review Article,” Journal of Economic Literature. MarCap 51-68.

Referències Part II (prof. Walter García-Fontes)

COHEN, Wesley M., and Richard C. LEVIN (1989). ``Empirical Studies of Innovation and Market Structure,'' in Schmalensee, Richard and Willig, Robert D. (eds.), Handbook of Industrial Organization, Vol. 2. Amsterdam; Oxford and Tokyo: North-Holland, pp. 1059-1107.
FREEMAN, Christopher (1975), La teoría económica de la innovación industrial, Apéndice, pp. 311-387.
GANDAL, Neil (1995). "Competing Compatibility Standards and Network Externalities in the PC Software Market," Review of Economics and Statistics LXVII (4)}, 599-608.GILBERT, Richard, and David NEWBERRY (1982). “Preemptive Patenting and the Persistence of Monopoly," American Economic Review 62, 514-526.
HALL, Bronwyn H. and Jacques MAIRESSE (1995).``Exploring the Relationship Between R \& D and Productivity in French Manufacturing Firms,'' Journal of Econometrics, 65: 263-293.
HALL, Bronwyn H (2000). ``Innovation and Market Value.'' en Barrell, Ray, Geoffrey Mason, i Mary O’Mahoney (eds.), Productivity, Innovation and Economic Performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
HALL, Bronwyn, JAFFEE, Adam, and TRAJTENBERG, Manuel (2000), ``Market Value and Patent Citations: A First Look.''Department of Economics, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley, Department of Economics, Working Paper Series: 1036.
HAUSMAN, Jerry A. (1999). ``Cellular Telephones, New Products, and the CPI'',  Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 17, pp. 188-194.
HENDERSON, Rebecca (1993). "Underinvestment and Incompetence as Responses to Radical Innovation: Evidence form the Photolithographic Alignment Equipment Industry," Rand Journal of Economics 24 (2: 248-270.
JORDE, Thomas M. i David J. TEECE (1990).``Innovació i Cooperació: Implicacions per a la Competència i la Política Anti-Monopolis,'' Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volum 4, N. 3, pp. 75-96.
KATZ, Michael L. i Carl SHAPIRO (1994).``Systems Competition and Network Effects'', Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8, pp. 93-116.
LERNER, Josh (1997). "An Empirical Exploration of a Technology Race," Rand Journal of Economics 28, 2: 228-247.
LIEBOWITZ, S.J. i Stephen E. MARGOLIS (1994).``Network Externality: An Uncommon Tragedy'', Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8, pp. 133-150.

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