Phonetics & Phonology
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Phonetics and Phonology Estudi: Màster en Lingüística Teòrica i Aplicada
1. General Presentation This course offers a general overview of the main concepts used to describe and explain how languages are structured from a phonetic and phonological point of view. Throughout the course, we will discuss phonetic and phonological phenomena using empirical data from a variety of languages. We will get acquainted with current phonological theory, the phonetic foundations of phonology, experimental and laboratory phonology, as well as the interface between phonology and other parts of the grammar. An important component of the course will be to be able to assess recent contributions to the field. In the lab, we will learn how to use several tools used in speech and gestural analysis, such as the Praat software for acoustic analysis, as well as ELAN for gestural analysis. 2. Main competences ● Getting acquainted with current phonological theory and the interfaces between phonology and other parts of the grammar. ● Learning how to critically assess current research in phonetics and phonology. ● Learning how to prepare empirical research in phonetics and phonology. ● Learning how to present scientific research and results.
3. Syllabus The course includes the following theoretical and practical sessions. 1. Introduction: Phonetics and Phonology. Phonetics-phonology interface. Acoustic and articulatory phonetics. Articulatory properties of sounds. Coarticulation, temporal coordination of articulatory gestures, and other contact phenomena. Instrumental techniques for the articulatory analysis. Properties of sounds. Phonetic transcription. Acoustic properties of vowels and consonants. Suprasegmental properties of speech. Practical lecture 1: Acoustical analysis in Praat.
2. Phonology and Laboratory Phonology. Introduction to phonological theory. Probabilistic models of phonology. Sound perception. Perceptual basis of sound categorization. Laboratory phonology and experimental phonology. Productivity of phonological processes. Frequency of use, phonological knowledge, and phonological change. Experimental methods within laboratory phonology. Practical lecture 2: Acoustical analysis in Praat.
3. Optimality theory. Classical generative phonology. The SPE classical model. Autosegmental theory. Principles and parameters. Structure of an OT grammar: universal faithfulness, markedness, and alignment constraints. Ranking of constraints and language variation. Practical lecture 3: Prosodic and gestural annotation in ELAN.
4. Prosodic phonology. Prosodic hierarchy. Introduction to the phonology of intonation. Prosodic prominence and prosodic phrasing. Phonological theories of intonation. Autosegmental/metrical model and ToBI. Intonation and stress. Basic units: tonal accents and boundary tones. The role of tonal scaling and alignment in establishing tonal categories. The role of intonation in the interpretation of meaning. Practical lecture 4: Final comments on the Praat exercise and ELAN exercises. The basics of experimental methods.
5. Prosodic interfaces. Phonology and syntax: patterns of prosodic phrasing. Prosody and semantics: the semantics of tone and intonation. Prosody and discourse. Interface between prosody and pragmatics from a cognitive point of view. Practical lecture 5: The basics of experimental methods. Reading and interpreting a research article. 5. Audiovisual prosody. The role of visual input in sound perception. The McGurk effect. The role of gestures in the interpretation of meaning and in human communication. Interaction between gestures and speech during semantic interpretation. Phonological alignment between gesture and speech. Temporal and semantic coordination between prosody and gestures. 7. Phonological development: perception. Development of the ability to perceive the phonological patterns: rythmic contrasts, intonation contrasts, segmental contrasts, stress patterns, gesture-speech integration. The prosodic bootstrapping hypothesis. Experimental analysis of phonetic and phonological knowledge in early stages of language development. Perception of child-directed speech. 8. Phonological development: production. Experimental analysis of the production of prosodic properties. The development of the phonological inventory and the phonological processes (syllable structure, consonant harmony, prosodic words). Production of the first intonational patterns. Early vocalizations (babbling, first year of age). Early combination of gesture and speech. Emergence of prosodic phrasing. 9. Applied aspects of phonetics and phonology. Acquiring second language pronunciation. Training studies and teaching paradigms. Prosody and gestures in L2 acquisition. Typical and atypical phonological development (e.g., Speech Language Impairment, Autism Spectrum Disorders): screening and intervention tools. 10. Presentation and discussion of proposals for research exercises. (10 minutes each presentation)
4. Evaluation The final grade of the course will be based on the following three parts. First, in-class participation and the presentation and discussion of an article related to the topics presented in the theoretical sessions (30%). Second, the handing in of two practical exercises (30%). Third, a supervised research exercise about any of the topics presented in the theoretical sessions which will be presented during the last session of the course and handed in written format (40%). 5. Methodology Each class will focus on a given unit. The first part of the class will be devoted to a general presentation of the empirical and theoretical aspects of the topic under study. The second part will either consist of (a) a hands-on practical session on the use of Praat and Elan, or experimental methods; or (b) student presentations of a specific article related to the unit of the week followed by a group discussion (specific articles will be recommended). 6. Basic references Ariel, M. (2010). Defining Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bates, E., Benigni, L., Bretherton, I., Camaioni, L. & Volterra, V. (1979). The emergence of symbols: Cognition and communication in infancy. New York: Academic Press. Bavin, E.L. (Ed.) (2009). The Cambridge Handbook of Child Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,. **Clark, John & Yallop, Colin (2006): An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Second edition. Oxford & Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 3rd edition. [basic background reading] Cohn, A., Fougeron, C., & M. Huffman (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Laboratory Phonology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Di Paolo, M. & Yaeger-Dror, M. (2010). Sociophonetics: A Student's Guide. London: Routledge. Gullberg, M., & De Bot, K. (Eds.). (2008). Gestures in language development [Special Issue]. Gesture, 8(2) Gussenhoven, C. (2004). The Phonology of Tone and Intonation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ch. 1-4. Hayes, B., Kirchner, R., Steriade, D. (2004). Phonetically Based Phonology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Jun, S.-A. (2005). Prosodic Typology. The Phonology of Intonation and Phrasing. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Kager, R. (1999). Optimality Theory: A Textbook. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Kenstowicz, M. (1994). Phonology in Generative Grammar. Blackwell, Cambridge, MA & Oxford. Ladd, D. R. (1996). Intonational phonology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Ladd. R. (2014). Simultaneous Structure in Phonology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ladefoged, Peter (2003). Phonetic data analysis: an introduction to fieldwork and instrumental techniques, Malden, MA, Blackwell Pub. Matthews, D. (Eds.) (2014). Pragmatic Development in First Language Acquisition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. McNeill, D. (2000). Language and Gesture. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Oostendorp, M. v., Ewen, C., & B. Hume (2011). The Blackwell Companion to Phonology. Wiley-Blackwell: Sussex. Rossini, N. (2012). Reinterpreting Gesture as Language. Language in Action. Amsterdam: IOS Press- Vihman, M. (1996). Phonological development: the origins of language in the child. Oxford: Blackwell. Wharton. T. (2009). Pragmatics and Non-Verbal Communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7. Academic writing Belcher, Wendy Laura (2009) Writing your journal article in twelve weeks: a guide to academic publishing success. SAGE.
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